retrospective cohort study vs case control

Data (epidemiology): information collected during observation and/or experimentation that is used as a basis for analysis and discussion.

Sample (epidemiology): a group of people selected from a larger population meant to be representative of the larger population.Population (epidemiology): the total number of people in the group being studied.See also “ Types of epidemiological studies” and “ Statistical analysis of data.” Explanatory research or causal inference: to establish causal mechanisms.Predictive research: to forecast outcomes (e.g., for prevention, diagnosis, or management).Descriptive research: to summarize characteristics of a group.Clinical epidemiology: the application of the principles of classical epidemiology to patients in a clinical setting.Classical epidemiology: the study of the determinants and distribution of disease in populations.See also “ Interpreting medical evidence,” “ Statistical analysis of data,” and “ Population health.” Fundamental concepts in epidemiology The following concepts are discussed separately: measures of disease frequency (e.g., incidence, prevalence, mortality rates), measures of association (e.g., relative risk, absolute risk reduction), measures used in the evaluation of diagnostic research studies (e.g., sensitivity, specificity), precision and validity, critical appraisal, the practice of evidence-based medicine, and foundational statistical concepts (e.g., measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, normal distribution, confidence intervals). Other reasons for observed associations in epidemiological studies may include errors (e.g., random error, systematic errors), confounding, and reverse causality. An association between two variables (i.e., exposure and outcome) does not necessarily imply a causal relationship. Measures such as proportions, rates, and ratios can be calculated for the data collected. In experimental studies (e.g., randomized controlled trials), an intervention is performed to study its impact on a particular outcome. Analytical studies (e.g., cohort studies, case-control studies) seek to assess the association between exposures and outcomes. case series, ecological studies) characterize factors related to individuals with a particular outcome. The two main types of epidemiological studies are observational and experimental. Clinical epidemiology applies the principles of classical epidemiology to the prevention, detection, and treatment of disease in a clinical setting. Classical epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in populations.

Retrospective cohort study vs case control